Nominal Sentence

Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita tidak mengenal kalimat nominal. Namun didalam bahasa inggris kita tidak hanya menemukan kalimat verbal saja tetapi juga kita akan menemukan kalimat nominal. Misal untuk mengatakan “saya lapar” maka dalam bahasa inggris “They are hungry”.

Untuk mengetahui jenis kalimat itu apakah verbal atau nominal adalah dengan menemukan verb “be” (is, am, are, was, were, been). Jika kata kerja “be dkk” tersebut menjadi ordinary verb maka kalimatnya disebut kalimat nominal. Dan begitu sebaliknya akan dikatakan kalimat verbal jika "be dkk" bukan menjadi bukan menjadi ordinary verb dalam susunan kalimat.

Be dalam kalimat nominal akan selalu diikuti oleh 3 complements yaitu adjective, noun dan adverb entah itu dalam bentuk kata ataupun frase. Adapun rumusnya dapat disimak dibawah ini:

1. Simple Present dan Present Continuous

Rumus : S + is, am, are + 3C

Contoh

- are they at home?

- He is not a doctor.

- I am tired.

2. Present Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous

Rumus : S + have, has + been + 3C

Contoh

- she has been here for 3 hours.

- They have not been there.

- Where have you been?

3. Simple Past dan Past Continuous

Rumus : S + was, were + 3C

Contoh

- I was a student of an english course

- We were not in hospital.

- Was mira scared of him?

4. Past Perfect dan Past Perfect Continuous

Rumus : S + had + been + 3C

Contoh

- She had been in the office when you arrived

- The students had not been in the class when the teacher came.

5. Simple Future dan Future Continuous

Rumus : S + will, shall + be + 3C

Contoh

- I will be rich

- We shall not be busy if we finish this duty today.

6. Future Perfect dan Perfect Continuous

Rumus : S + will, shall + have + been + 3C

Contoh

- we shall have been capable of understanding english.

- Shall i have been in the class before the teacher come?

7. Past Future dan Past Future Continuous

Rumus : S + would, should + be + 3C

Contoh

- we should be proud of him.

- We should not be angry with him.

8. Past Future Perfect dan Past Futre Perfect Continuous

Rumus : S + should, would + have + been + 3C

Contoh

- They would have been glad if they had had a good idea.

Everything would have been fine before we had had dinner last night.

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Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + should, would + have + been + Ving
• (-) S + should, would + not + have + been + Ving
• (?) should, would + S + have + been + Ving ?

Fungsi:

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau aktifitas yang seharusnya telah sedang terjadi diwaktu lampau.

Contoh:

• He would have been working for two hours when i saw him yesterday.

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Past Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + Should, would + Have + V3
• (-) S + should, would + not + have + V3
• (?) should, would + S + have + V3  ?

Fungsi:

Digunakan untuk menyatakan atau peristiwa yang seharusnya telah complit terjadi dimasa lampau dan digunakan pada conditional sentence type III (dibahas pada bab tersendiri).

Contoh:

• they would have finished their study when the teacher had finished teaching them 3 months ago.
• should have had a new house if we had not refused the job a year ago.

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Past Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + sould, would + Be + Ving
• (-) S + sould, would + not + be  + Ving
• (?) Would, should + S + be + Ving ?

Fungsi:
 Digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang seharusnya sedang berlangsung dimasa lampau.

Contoh:

• she would be cooking in the kitchen at 6 o’clock this morning.
• The students would not be talking when the teacher was explaining lesson in the class.

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Past Future Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + should, would + Vbi 
• (-) S + should, would + not + Vbi 
• (?) should, would + S + Vbi ?

Fungsi:

menyatakan aktifitas atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi dimasa lampau (yang seharusnya terjadi dimasa lampau) dan digunakan pada conditional sentence type II.

Contoh:

• Sister would do her duty if you didn’t come 3 days ago. 
• She would not get punishment if she finish doing her duty ontime.

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Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + will, shall + have + been + Ving
• (-) S + will, shall + not + have + been + Ving
• (?) will, shall + S + have + been + Ving ?

Fungsi:
Digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang masih berlangsung selama waktu tertentu diwaktu yang akan datang.

Contoh:

• I will have been writing my lesson for 25 minutes at 7 o’clock tomorrow morning.
• Will your father have been repairing his car for 2 days tomorrow?

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Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + will, shall + have + V3
• (-)  S + will, shall + have + not +V3
• (?) will, shall + S + have + V3 ?

Fungsi:
Digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang sudah selesai diwaktu yang akan datang (biasanya sudah dimulai).
Contoh:

• we shall have finished our study at junior high school by the end of october this year.
• Will they have done all of their duties by 8 o’clock tonight?

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Future continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + will, shall + be + Ving
• (-) S + will, shall + not + be + Ving
• (?) will, shall + S + be + Ving ?

Fungsi:

Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dimasa yang akan datang.

Contoh:

• I will be doing my home work at 8 o’clock tonight.
• Will you be calling my brother at 6 o’clock next monday?

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Simple Future Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + will, shall + Vbi
• (-) S + will,  shall + not + Vbi
• (?) will, shall + S + Vbi ?

Fungsi:

Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang akan datang dan digunakan pada conditional sentence type I.

Contoh:

• I will treat you if i have much money.
• She will not forgive you if you hurt her heart.
• Will they finish their home work tomorrow?

Note:

• semua subjek bisa menggunakan auxiliary “will” sedangkan untuk auxiliary “shall” hanya untuk subjek “I dan we”.
• Similar “will” adalah “be going to”.

Contoh:

• it is be going to be cloudy tomorrow.
• It will be cloudy tomorrow.

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Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + had + been + Ving
• (-) S + had + not + been + Ving
• (?) had + S + been + Ving ?

Fungsi:
 
Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang masih sedang berlangsung (selama beberapa waktu tertentu) ketika aktifitas lain terjadi dimasa lampau.

Contoh:

• My sister had been crying for 15 minutes when you wanted to meet me yesterday.
• Her eyes were red becouse she had been crying whole day last week.
• Had your father been sleeping for an hour when you ironed your uniform last night?

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Past Perfect Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + had + V3
• (-) S + had + not + V3
• (?) had + S + V3 ?

Fungsi:

Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang telah komplit terjadi sebelum aktifitas lain terjadi dimasa lampau.
 
Contoh:

• My parents had already eaten when i got home.
• Rian had not left when you arrived.
• Had she slept when i knocked the door last night?

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Past Continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + was, were + Ving
• (-) S + was, were + not + Ving
• (?) was, were + S + Ving ?

Fungsi:

untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang berlangsung dimasa lampau dan biasanya ada aktifitas atau kejadian lain dimasa lampau juga.

Contoh:

• I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
• Last year at this time, i was not attending school.
• Were you washing when i came this morning?

Note:

• Jika subjeknya berupa I, she, he, it dan singular lainya, maka menggunakan auxiliary “was” kecuali pada conditional sentence.
• Jika subjeknya berupa they, we, you dan plural lainya, maka menggunakan  auxiliary “were”.

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Simple Past

Rumus:

• (+) S + V2
• (-) S + did + V’’bi
• (?) did  + S + Vbi ?

Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian  yang dimulai dan berakhir dimasa lampau.
 
Contoh:

• I went to the movie last week.
• She did not ride to the school yesterday.
• Did you buy a new book three day ago?

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Present Perfect continuous Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + have/has + been + Ving
• (-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving
• (?) have/has + S + been + Ving ?

Fungsi:
untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang masih berlangsung sampai sekarang (menunjukan durasi suatu aktifitas atau kejadian yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai waktu sekarang).
 
Contoh:

• I have been sitting here since 7 0’clock.
• It has not been raining for an hour.
• Has he been thinking about changing his major for 3 days?

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Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:

• (+) S + have/has + V3
• (-) S + have/has + not + V3
• (?) have/has + S + V3 ?

Fungsi:

untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau aktifitas yang telah dilakukan, biasanya akibatnya masih terasa (tidak menekankan waktu kejadian).

Example:

• She has had four tests so far this semester.
• My uncle has not moved in a new apartment.
• Have you ever visited bali?

Note:

• Jika subjeknya singular maka menggunakan auxiliary “has”.
• Jika subjeknya plural maka menggunakan auxiliary “have”.

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Present Continuous Tense

Rumus:

•     (+) S + is,am,are + Ving
•     (-) S + is,am,are + not + Ving
•     (?) is,am,are + S + Ving ?

Fungsi:

Untuk mengatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa sekarang.

Example:

• I am reading a newspaper now.
• She is not cooking in the kitchen in this moment.
• Are they studying english this night?

Note:

• Jika subjeknya singular / tunggal (she, he, it, ...) maka menggunakan auxiliary “is”.
• Jika subjeknya plural /  jamak (they, we, you, ...) maka menggunakan auxiliary “are”.
• Jika subjeknya “I” maka menggunakan auxiliary “am”
• Ada beberapa verb yang tidak bisa masuk pada tenses continuous. (akan dibahas pada bab tersendiri)

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Simple Present Tense

Rumus dari simple present tanse adalah:

• (+) S + V1 s/es (kalimat positif)
• (-) S + do/does + not + Vbi (kalimat Negatif)
• (?) Do/Does + S + Vbi  ? (kalimat introgative/tanya)

Fungsi simple present tense Untuk menyatakan aktifitas atau kejadian yang bersifat rutinitas dan general truth  (kebenaran umum).

Example:

• Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
• We don’t go to school on Sundays.
• Does he always lock the door?

Note:

• Jika subjek jamak ( I, You, We, They.....) Maka menggunakan Verb bare infinitive pada kalimat positif, menggunakan auxiliary “do” pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.
• Jika subjeknya tunggal (She, he, it...) maka verb juga tunggal (singular) dengan menambah “s/es” di akhir kata kerja pada kalimat positif, menggunakan auxiliary “does” pada kalimat negatif dan tanya.
• Verb 1 s/es  terjadi jika kata kerja itu berakhiran huruf y, ch, sh, o, z, x, ss, s.

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Tenses

Tenses adalah suatu perubahan kata kerja (verb) untuk mengekspresikan suatu kejadian atau aktifitas  dalam ruang waktu yang berbeda (past, present, future). Sedangkan verb secara garis besar dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu:
 

Ordinary verb, yaitu kata kerja utama dan merupakan jenis kata kerja yang memiliki perubahan bentuk (inflection) dan harus ada baik dalam kalimat verbal maupun nominal, kalimat aktif maupun kalimat pasif.

Auxiliary verb, yaitu kata kerja bantu yang menyertai ordinary verb didalam membentuk tenses pada suatu kalimat.

Secara spesifik perubahan waktu tersebut ada 4 ( simple, continuous, perfect dan perfect continuous) perubahan waktu tersebut akan selalu tergabung kedalam waktu secara general sehingga jika dikalikan akan menjadi 16 tenses.

Untuk memudahkan pemahaman mari kita lihat tabel tensis  berikut ini:

Time / event	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect continuous
Present	V1 s/es	Is/am/are Ving	Have/has V3	Have/has  been Ving
Past	V2	Was/were Ving	Had V3	Had been Ving
Future	Will V1	Will be Ving	Will have V3	Will have been Ving
Past Future	Would/should V1	Would/should be Ving	Would/should have V3	Would/should have been Ving

16 Tensis tersebut akan kita bahas dalam postingan berikutnya..
so don't miss it...

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